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NET NEUTRALITY, TURKEY, AND BEYOND A ROAD MAP FOR NET NEUTRALITY REGULATION IN TURKEY

s. 1

1. Introduction and the Workings of the Report

s. 1

2. Methodology of the Report

s. 4

3. Connectivity and Access

s. 5

4. Open Internet Access and Net Neutrality

s. 7

4.1. Principles

s. 9

4.1.1. Technology Neutrality

s. 10

4.1.2. Transparency

s. 12

4.1.3. Non-Discrimination

s. 16

4.1.4. Non-Blocking

s. 18

4.1.5. Non-Throttling

s. 21

4.1.6. Non-Prioritization

s. 23

4.2. Exemptions

s. 25

4.3. Specialized Services

s. 28

4.4. An Overview of Zero-Rating and NN Principles

s. 30

5. Regulatory Approach of Different Countries to Net Neutrality

s. 33

5.1. The EU

s. 33

5.1.1. Brief History of NN in the EU

s. 34

5.1.2. Digital Single Market Strategy

s. 36

5.1.2.1. Better online access for consumers and business across Europe

s. 37

5.1.2.2. Creating the right conditions and a level playing field for advanced digital networks and innovative services

s. 38

5.1.2.3. Maximizing the growth potential of the digital economy

s. 38

5.1.3. Electronic Communication Code (ECC)

s. 39

5.1.4. Regulation (EU) 2015/2120 - Open Internet Regulation

s. 40

5.1.4.1. Purpose of the Regulation

s. 40

5.1.4.2. Safeguarding of open internet access

s. 41

5.1.4.3. Exemptions of the safeguarding of open internet access

s. 42

5.1.4.4. Transparency measures for ensuring open internet access

s. 43

5.1.4.5. Critiques of the regulation

s. 44

5.1.5. BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules

s. 45

5.1.6. Annual Country Reports on Open Internet from National Regulators

s. 47

5.2. The US

s. 48

5.2.1. Brief History of NN in the US

s. 49

5.2.2. FCC Open Internet Order (2015)

s. 51

5.2.3. FCC Restoring Internet Freedom Order (2018)

s. 52

5.2.4. Save the Internet Act (2019)

s. 53

5.2.5. NN Regulations at the State Level (From 2017 to October 1st, 2019)

s. 54

5.2.6. Federal Appeal Court’s Decision on the FCC’s Repeal (October 1st, 2019 - Present)

s. 56

5.3. Turkey

s. 57

5.3.1. Legal Background - The Missing Piece in the Puzzle

s. 57

5.3.2. Signals of Net Neutrality - So Close yet So Far

s. 58

5.3.2.1. ICTA Fines Major ISP for Blocking Access to Websites

s. 58

5.3.2.2. ICTA Bans the Fair Usage Practice

s. 59

5.3.3. Demand and Necessity – Looking Ahead

s. 61

6. Reflections of International Organizations

s. 65

6.1. ISOC

s. 65

6.2. ICANN

s. 67

6.3. IGF

s. 68

6.4. ITU

s. 68

7. The Impact of NN and Network Bias Have on Internet Actors

s. 69

7.1. Perspective of End-Users

s. 70

7.2. Human Rights Perspective

s. 73

7.3. Business and Economic Perspective

s. 79

8. Conclusion

s. 85

BIBLIOGRAPHY

s. 91

APPENDIX A European Union Electronic Communications Code (ECC) “Articles and Recitals Regarding NN and Open Internet Principles”

s. 107

APPENDIX B BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules “Article 3 and Relevant Recommendations for NRAs”

s. 114

APPENDIX C BEREC Guidelines on the Implementation by National Regulators of European Net Neutrality Rules “Article 4 and Relevant Recommendations for NRAs”

s. 120

APPENDIX D “List of the Relevant Legislation in Turkey Regarding Net Neutrality”

s. 126

Net Neutrality, Turkey, and Beyond - A Road Map for Net Neutrality Regulation in Turkey